streptokokka

Streptokokka is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacillota. They are characterized by their spherical or oval shape and their tendency to form chains or pairs, hence the name "strepto," meaning chain. These bacteria are ubiquitous, found in various environments including soil, water, and as commensals on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals.

Within the genus Streptokokka, there are numerous species, many of which are of significant medical importance. Some species, such as *Streptokokka pyogenes*, are well-known human pathogens responsible for a wide range of infections. These can include relatively minor conditions like pharyngitis (strep throat) and skin infections, as well as more severe, life-threatening diseases such as scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis. Other streptococcal species, like *Streptokokka pneumoniae*, are a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.

Conversely, many streptococcal species are harmless or even beneficial. For instance, certain *Streptokokka* species are used in the food industry, particularly in the production of fermented dairy products like yogurt and cheese, where they contribute to flavor and texture development. The study of streptococci is crucial in understanding bacterial pathogenesis, developing vaccines, and advancing antibiotic therapies. Identification and differentiation of streptococcal species are typically performed using microbiological culture, biochemical tests, and molecular methods.