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Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) to understand the geological history of a region. It is a fundamental branch of geology that focuses on the principles of original horizontality, superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and unconformities. These principles help geologists interpret the sequence of events that have shaped the Earth's surface over time.

The basic unit of stratigraphy is the stratum, which is a layer of rock or sediment. Stratigraphic layers are typically formed by the deposition of sediment or the accumulation of volcanic ash and lava. Over time, these layers can be exposed by erosion, revealing a vertical sequence of rock that records the geological history of the area.

Stratigraphy is used in various fields, including paleontology, archaeology, and environmental science. In paleontology, stratigraphy helps determine the relative ages of fossils and the environments in which they were deposited. In archaeology, it aids in dating artifacts and understanding the sequence of human activities. In environmental science, stratigraphy is used to study past climates and environmental changes.

There are two main types of stratigraphy: lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Lithostratigraphy focuses on the physical characteristics of rock layers, such as their composition, texture, and color. Biostratigraphy, on the other hand, uses the fossil content of rock layers to determine their relative ages and the environments in which they were deposited.

Stratigraphy is a crucial tool for understanding the Earth's history and the processes that have shaped its surface. By studying rock layers and their relationships, geologists can reconstruct past environments, track the movement of tectonic plates, and even predict the location of valuable mineral resources.