stormsurge
Storm surge is an abnormal rise in coastal waters caused primarily by a storm’s winds and reduced atmospheric pressure. As a cyclone or extratropical storm tracks over an ocean, strong onshore winds push water toward the coast and the lowering of sea level pressure causes a dome of water to accumulate near the shoreline. The result can be water levels well above normal tides, and the effect may be further enhanced by wave runup and interactions with tides. The combination of surge, tides, and waves is commonly referred to as a storm tide.
Factors influencing storm surge include storm intensity, wind speed and direction, storm size and forward speed,
Measurement and forecasting rely on tide gauges, buoys, and satellite data, combined with numerical models that
Mitigation strategies include coastal defenses (levées, seawalls, barriers), enhanced land-use planning, restoration of natural barriers (wetlands,