stemmeløse

Stemmeløse is a Scandinavian term meaning "voiceless" and is used primarily in phonetics and phonology to describe sounds produced without vocal fold vibration. It commonly refers to voiceless consonants (obstruents and fricatives) such as p, t, k, s, f and ʃ, which contrast with their voiced counterparts (b, d, g, z, v, ʒ) in many languages.

Phonetic description: Voiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds remain apart or do not vibrate during the articulation of the consonant. They may be aspirated (a burst of breath) or unaspirated depending on language-specific rules. In connected speech, voicelessness can be affected by surrounding sounds, stress, and prosody.

Phonological processes: Many languages exhibit alternations involving voicelessness, such as voicing assimilation (a consonant becomes voiced or voiceless to match neighboring segments) and final-obstruent devoicing, where obstruents become voiceless at the ends of words (common in German, Dutch, Polish and others). Devoicing also occurs in certain morphological contexts.

Orthography and examples: Languages show different orthographic conventions for voiceless consonants. In English, the contrast is illustrated by pat (voiceless /p/) versus bat (voiced /b/). Scandinavian languages use the term stemmeløse in descriptions of their sound systems; the exact realization varies by language and dialect.

Cross-linguistic notes: The distribution and phonetic detail of voiceless consonants differ widely across languages, influenced by historical sound change, phonotactic constraints, and prosodic patterns.