stairways

A stairway is a set of steps that connects different levels within a building or outdoor space, enabling vertical circulation. It comprises treads, risers, and a supporting structure such as stringers, with a handrail or guardrail for safety.

Common configurations include straight stairs (a single run), L-shaped or U-shaped stairs with landings, spiral stairs, curved stairs, and winder stairs that turn without landings. Each type affects space use, sightlines, and movement.

Materials and construction vary. Wood is common for interior access, while concrete and steel provide durability for exterior or high-traffic use; stone and glass appear in some designs. Typical components include treads (horizontal surfaces), risers (vertical gaps), stringers (or closed frames), balusters and newel posts, handrails, and landings.

Design considerations include rise and run height, ascent angle, headroom, and slip resistance. Safety features include continuous handrails on required sides, guardrails at open sides, non-slip surfaces, and uniform riser height. Public and multi-story buildings may be subject to building codes and accessibility standards, which can require elevator alternatives or ramps for certain levels.

History and use: Stairways have been employed since ancient times, evolving from stone staircases in temples and fortifications to timber and masonry stairs in homes and buildings, and to contemporary prefabricated systems. They serve functional and aesthetic roles, influencing interior layout, space efficiency, and architectural style.