spacelaunch

Spacelaunch refers to the operation of sending a spacecraft from a planet's surface into space using a launch vehicle, typically to reach Earth orbit or a suborbital trajectory. The term covers both orbital launches and suborbital missions such as sounding or test flights. Space launches are conducted by national space agencies, military organizations, and commercial companies.

A launch vehicle is usually a multistage rocket. Stages are discarded during ascent as their fuel is exhausted. The upper stages place the payload into the desired trajectory; payload fairings protect payload during ascent. Launch infrastructure includes a launch pad or vertical integration facility, a vehicle assembly building, fueling systems, launch complex personnel, a range safety facility, and mission control.

The launch sequence begins with mission design, engineering analysis, and vehicle and payload integration. After a countdown, the rocket is ignited and launches. During ascent, stages separate, fairings are jettisoned, and the payload trajectory is guided toward its target orbit or suborbital path. Telemetry and tracking stations monitor flight, and ground teams execute mission operations after deployment.

Spacelaunch has a long history dating from early rocket tests in the mid-20th century, leading to humanity's first orbital flights and crewed missions. Today, it spans national programs and private companies, with ongoing emphasis on safety, reliability, environmental concerns, launch cadence, and the development of reusable launch systems. International coordination governs launch licensing and debris mitigation.