sinice

Sinice, or cyanobacteria, are a phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes. Although they share ecological roles with algae, cyanobacteria are bacteria, not eukaryotes. They perform oxygenic photosynthesis and are among the oldest organisms on Earth, contributing to the oxygenation of the atmosphere billions of years ago.

Physically, they range from unicellular and colonial to filamentous forms. Some species develop specialized cells, called heterocysts, for nitrogen fixation, while others form resting cells known as akinetes. Cyanobacteria inhabit a wide range of environments, including freshwater, marine, soil, and extreme habitats such as hot springs and deserts.

Ecologically, they are important primary producers and components of microbial mats and biofilms. They can form blooms under nutrient-rich and warm conditions. Many cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites known as cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, nodularins, and saxitoxins, which can affect aquatic life and human health.

Human health and water quality considerations are central to the study of sinice. Cyanobacterial blooms can discolor water, cause taste and odor problems, and release toxins that pose risks to drinking-water supplies, recreational use, livestock, and wildlife. Management focuses on reducing nutrient inputs, monitoring toxin levels, and, when necessary, treating affected water sources.

Uses and research discuss the biotechnological potential of cyanobacteria. They are explored for applications in biofuels, pigments, and other bioproducts, as well as for insights into ecology, physiology, evolution, and environmental monitoring.