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Sialic acid is a general term for a family of nine-carbon carboxylated carbohydrates, with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) being the most common member. These molecules are typically found at the terminal positions of glycans, which are carbohydrate chains attached to proteins and lipids. Sialic acids play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes.

In cell-cell recognition, sialic acids act as key molecular interfaces. They are involved in the adhesion of cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. Their presence on the surface of cells also influences interactions with pathogens. For instance, many bacteria and viruses use specific sialic acid residues as binding sites to infect host cells.

Sialic acids are also important for the immune system. They can modulate immune responses by influencing the interaction of immune cells with other cells and molecules. Some research suggests sialic acids on cell surfaces can help protect cells from attack by natural killer cells.

Furthermore, sialic acids are found in high concentrations in the brain and are thought to be important for neuronal development and function. They are also components of mucus, where they contribute to lubrication and protection of epithelial surfaces. The synthesis and metabolism of sialic acids are complex processes, and their dysregulation has been linked to various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.