shapedcharge

A shaped charge is an explosive device that uses its geometry to concentrate energy and form a high-velocity jet capable of penetrating barriers such as armor.

Principle: The charge contains a hollow metal liner that is forced to collapse into a jet by the detonating surrounding explosive. The geometry—often conical or hemispherical—and explosive focusing (the Munroe effect) cause most energy to be directed into a narrow metal jet, which can pierce material ahead of the blast. A standoff distance between the charge and target is crucial for optimum penetration; at shorter or longer standoff, penetration diminishes.

Construction: A typical shaped-charge assembly includes a hollow cavity, a metal liner, an explosive surrounding the liner, and an initiating system; the exact design governs jet formation and penetration. Variants may use multiple jets or layered explosives to modify jet quality.

History and uses: The modern shaped charge arose during the mid-20th century for anti-armor weapons, with early examples such as German Hohlladung devices and later widespread use in rocket-propelled grenades and anti-tank warheads. In industry, shaped charges are also used for perforating oil and gas wells and for controlled demolition.

Limitations and countermeasures: Effectiveness depends on armor geometry and can be reduced by reactive or composite armor, angle of impact, and standoff tolerance. Modern systems may employ countermeasures or alternative designs to mitigate shaped-charge penetration.