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Serialization is the process of converting an object's state into a format that can be stored or transmitted and later reconstructed. This typically involves transforming the object's data into a sequence of bytes, often represented as a string or a file. The primary purpose of serialization is to allow data to be saved, shared across different systems or processes, or transmitted over a network.

When an object is serialized, its current state, including its data values and structure, is captured. This serialized representation can then be stored in a database, written to a file, or sent as a message. Later, this serialized data can be deserialized, which reverses the process. Deserialization takes the stored or transmitted data and reconstructs the original object in memory.

Common formats for serialization include JSON, XML, Protocol Buffers, and YAML. Each format has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of readability, efficiency, and complexity. The choice of serialization format often depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as performance needs, interoperability with other systems, and the ease of human readability.

Serialization is a fundamental concept in many programming languages and frameworks, enabling features like object persistence, remote procedure calls (RPC), and inter-process communication (IPC). It plays a crucial role in distributed systems and modern software development by facilitating the exchange of data between different components or applications.