selfdisclosures

Self-disclosure is the voluntary sharing of information about oneself that others would not know unless the person reveals it. It can range from everyday details to intimate beliefs, feelings, or experiences, and it is shaped by the relationship, the situation, and cultural norms as well as the anticipated consequences of disclosure.

The concept is central to many communication theories, notably Social Penetration Theory. This theory describes disclosure as moving from outer topics to more personal ones, often depicted as layers of an onion. Disclosure tends to increase with trust and reciprocity, but is also tempered by perceived risk and social appropriateness.

Contexts vary. In close personal relationships, self-disclosure can deepen intimacy and mutual understanding, but it also creates vulnerability. In psychotherapy, clinicians balance therapeutic disclosure with professional boundaries. In online and social media contexts, self-disclosure is common and can foster connection, while raising concerns about privacy, reputation, and data use.

Benefits include enhanced trust, social support, and identity development; risks include embarrassment, judgment, stigma, manipulation, or breaches of confidentiality and privacy.

Researchers measure disclosure with self-report scales; ethics emphasize consent, cultural sensitivity, and appropriate boundaries, especially for professionals. Users should consider privacy settings, audience, and potential long-term consequences when sharing information online.