selfdeprecation

Self-deprecation is the act of belittling or undervaluing oneself, either as a habitual stance or for a specific purpose. It can involve remarks about one’s abilities, appearance, or worth and may be spoken or written. In everyday speech, self-deprecating remarks are often used to signal modesty, ease social tension, or invite rapport. In literature and rhetoric, it can serve as a narrative or stylistic device, downplaying authority to appear relatable or to preempt criticism.

Forms and functions include direct statements of incompetence, or indirect humor and sarcasm. Self-deprecation frequently operates as a social strategy to lower others’ defenses, demonstrate humility, or cope with anxiety. In comedy and public life, it can soften power dynamics or deflect scrutiny, but overuse or perceived insincerity may harm credibility and effectiveness.

Psychological and social aspects show that moderate self-deprecation can reflect flexible self-presentation and reduce threat in social interactions. However, excessive or chronic self-criticism is linked to lower self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and social withdrawal. The impact depends on context, tone, and audience, with better reception when self-derogation is self-aware and not used to wound others.

In literature and media, self-deprecation can reveal character traits, create unreliable narrators, or critique social norms. It should not be mistaken for genuine humility, which entails valuing oneself appropriately without exaggerated self-critique, nor for self-hatred veiled as humor.