samerna

Samerna, or the Sami, are an indigenous people of northern Europe whose traditional homeland, Sápmi, spans parts of northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. They are culturally and linguistically diverse, organized into several Sámi groups with distinct heritages, languages, and traditional livelihoods.

Languages: The Sámi languages form a branch of the Uralic language family. Northern Sámi is the most widely spoken, while Lule Sámi, Southern Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi and other varieties are spoken in different regions. Language vitality varies, with ongoing revitalization and education efforts in many communities.

Culture and economy: Reindeer herding remains central for many Sámi communities, especially in the Nordic countries, though not all Sámi are herders. Traditional activities also include fishing, hunting, and crafts (duodji). The joik is a traditional singing form, and the gákti denotes ceremonial dress. Sámi culture maintains festivals, music scenes, and crafts that emphasize environmental knowledge and heritage.

Rights and politics: The Sámi are widely recognized as an indigenous people, with rights to language, culture, and land asserted in various laws and international instruments. Self-governing bodies exist in Norway (Sámi Parliament, established 1989), Sweden (1993), and Finland (1996). Contemporary issues include language revival, land and resource rights, education, and cultural preservation within each country.

Demographics: Global estimates range from tens of thousands to around 100,000 people, with the majority living in Sápmi. Many Sámi also reside in urban areas, contributing to contemporary society while maintaining cultural ties.