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Reproduction is a fundamental biological process by which new individual organisms, or offspring, are produced from their parents. Reproduction is a characteristic of all known life. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. This method is common in many single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, as well as some multicellular organisms like plants and fungi. Examples of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, and fragmentation. This mode of reproduction is efficient and allows for rapid population growth.

Sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing genetic material to produce offspring. In most cases, this involves the fusion of gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, to form a zygote. The offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents, leading to genetic variation within a population. This variation can be advantageous for adaptation to changing environments. Sexual reproduction is prevalent in most animals, plants, and fungi. The process typically involves meiosis to produce gametes and fertilization to form a zygote.