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Recoil, also known as kick or backlash, is the reaction force experienced by a firearm, cannon, or other projectile weapon when a projectile is discharged. This force is a direct consequence of Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a propellant is ignited inside a barrel, it rapidly expands, expelling the projectile forward at high velocity. This forward momentum of the projectile and the expelled gases generates an equal and opposite force that pushes the weapon backward.

The magnitude of recoil is influenced by several factors, including the mass of the projectile, the velocity at which it is expelled, and the amount and type of propellant used. Heavier projectiles or those fired at higher velocities result in greater recoil. Similarly, more powerful propellants increase the recoil force. The mass of the weapon itself also plays a role; a heavier firearm will absorb some of the recoil, making it feel less intense to the shooter compared to a lighter firearm firing the same ammunition.

Various mechanisms are employed to mitigate recoil. These include the use of recoil pads, muzzle brakes, and recoil-operated actions in firearms. Recoil pads, typically made of rubber or other shock-absorbing materials, are attached to the buttstock of a firearm to cushion the impact against the shooter's shoulder. Muzzle brakes are devices attached to the end of the barrel that redirect some of the expanding gases, reducing the backward thrust. Recoil-operated actions are firearm designs that use the recoil energy itself to cycle the weapon, preparing it for the next shot while simultaneously managing the recoil impulse. Understanding and managing recoil is crucial for shooter comfort, accuracy, and the longevity of the firearm.