refuelling

Refuelling is the process of replenishing a machine’s energy supply by adding fuel. It applies to motor vehicles, aircraft, ships, and stationary generators, among other systems. The goal is to restore the usable energy capacity and extend operational life between refuels.

Common settings include road fuel stations for cars and trucks; airports and airbases using hydrant carts, tanker trucks, or fuel hoses; ships at port or offshore terminals during bunkering; and spacecraft concepts that involve depots or launch-site fueling of cryogenic propellants.

Safety and procedure emphasize using the correct fuel type, grounding and bonding to prevent static discharge, and the control of ignition sources. Operators monitor flow with calibrated meters, shut off promptly in case of spills, and cap or seal hoses after disconnecting.

Fuel types vary by application. Road vehicles commonly use gasoline or diesel; aviation depends on Jet A-1 or AVGAS; ships use marine fuels; alternative fuels such as LNG or hydrogen are increasingly deployed in specialized contexts. Quality controls ensure compatibility and remove water or impurities.

Environmental and regulatory considerations include preventing spills and vapour releases, containment and recovery measures, and adherence to safety standards and reporting requirements. Training and audits are common, with emergency response plans and equipment maintained at fueling sites.