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Receptory are specialized molecules, typically proteins, found within or on the surface of cells that are responsible for detecting and responding to specific stimuli. These stimuli can be chemical signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or antigens, or physical signals like light, pressure, or temperature. When a specific stimulus, known as a ligand, binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a cellular response. This interaction is highly specific, often described as a lock-and-key mechanism, where only the correct ligand can effectively bind to and activate a particular receptor.

The binding of a ligand to a receptor initiates a cascade of events within the cell. This can involve a change in the receptor's conformation, leading to the activation or inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways can ultimately alter cellular functions, such as gene expression, enzyme activity, or ion channel permeability. For example, neurotransmitter receptors on nerve cells bind to neurotransmitters, allowing for the transmission of signals between neurons. Hormone receptors bind to hormones, regulating a wide range of physiological processes.

Receptors play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes, from sensory perception and immune responses to cell growth and metabolism. Their malfunction or altered expression is often implicated in various diseases, making them important targets for drug development. Many medications work by interacting with specific receptors, either by mimicking the action of a natural ligand (agonists) or by blocking the binding of a ligand (antagonists), thereby modulating cellular activity. Understanding the diverse types and functions of receptors is fundamental to comprehending cell communication and organismal physiology.