rapamycina

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a macrolide compound produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It was discovered in 1972 in soil samples from Easter Island, whose indigenous name is Rapa Nui. Initially investigated for its antifungal properties, rapamycin was later found to possess potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative effects.

The primary mechanism of action for rapamycin involves inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. mTOR is a crucial regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. By binding to the intracellular protein FKBP12, rapamycin forms a complex that then inhibits mTOR. This inhibition leads to a cascade of downstream effects, including suppression of protein synthesis and cell cycle arrest.

Clinically, rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) are used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Its immunosuppressive properties help the body accept a transplanted organ by dampening the immune system's response. It is also used in interventional cardiology in the form of drug-eluting stents, where a thin layer of rapamycin is coated onto the stent to prevent restenosis, the re-narrowing of a blood vessel after angioplasty.

Beyond its established uses, rapamycin is a subject of extensive research for its potential therapeutic applications in aging and age-related diseases. Studies in various model organisms have suggested that rapamycin can extend lifespan and delay the onset of certain age-associated conditions. However, its use in humans for anti-aging purposes is still experimental and not approved by regulatory agencies. Side effects can include impaired wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections, and metabolic changes.