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Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is a complex mental health condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities. These identities, often referred to as alters, recurrently take control of the individual's behavior. Individuals with dissociative identity disorder often experience significant memory gaps, known as amnesia, for everyday events, personal information, and traumatic experiences.

The condition is typically thought to develop as a response to severe, prolonged trauma during early childhood, usually before the age of nine. This trauma is often linked to abuse or neglect, where dissociation serves as a coping mechanism to escape overwhelming emotional pain. The distinct identities are believed to emerge from a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness into a single, cohesive self.

Symptoms can vary widely and may include depression, anxiety, self-harm, substance abuse, and other mental health issues. The diagnostic process involves a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional, utilizing standardized assessment tools and clinical interviews. Treatment for dissociative identity disorder usually involves long-term psychotherapy, focusing on integrating the different identity states, processing traumatic memories, and developing healthier coping mechanisms. Medication may be used to manage co-occurring symptoms like depression or anxiety.