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The term "raion" (Russian: райо́н, IPA: [rɐˈjon]) is a common administrative division in many Eastern European countries, particularly those with a history influenced by the Soviet Union. It translates to "district" or "region" and serves as a subdivision of a larger entity, such as a republic, oblast, or krais. The specific nature and powers of a raion can vary significantly between countries and even within different regions of the same country.

In Russia, for example, raions are the primary territorial units of oblasts, krais, and republics. They typically encompass rural areas and sometimes smaller towns, and are governed by an elected council and an appointed administration. The responsibilities of a raion administration often include local services, infrastructure maintenance, and social welfare programs.

Similar divisions exist in countries like Ukraine (район, rayon), Belarus (раён, rajon), and other former Soviet republics. While the names and precise administrative structures might differ slightly, the concept of the raion as a foundational local administrative unit remains consistent. The historical context of the raion system is deeply intertwined with the administrative policies implemented during the Soviet era, aiming to decentralize governance and manage vast territories effectively. In some post-Soviet states, the raion system has undergone reforms, while in others, it continues to function largely as it did during the Soviet period.