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radionuklider

Radionuclide, also known as radionuklid in some languages, refers to a nucleus that is unstable and decays by radioactive decay, releasing ionizing radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Radionuclides can occur naturally in elements like uranium, thorium, and radon, or be artificially produced in reactors or particle accelerators.

Key properties of radionuclides include their decay modes and half-life. The rate at which a radionuclide decays

Natural radionuclides are present in soils, rocks, water, and the atmosphere, contributing to background radiation and,

Applications of radionuclides include medical diagnosis and treatment, scientific tracing and labeling, dating of archaeological and

is
described
by
its
activity,
measured
in
becquerels
or
curies,
and
is
characterized
by
a
half-life
that
ranges
from
fractions
of
a
second
to
billions
of
years.
The
type
and
energy
of
emitted
radiation
depend
on
the
decay
pathway,
influencing
both
practical
use
and
shielding
requirements.
Some
radionuclides
emit
primarily
photons
(gamma
emitters),
while
others
release
charged
particles
(alpha
or
beta
emitters).
in
some
cases,
to
health
risks
such
as
radon
exposure.
Artificial
radionuclides
are
produced
for
medicine,
industry,
and
research.
Notable
examples
include
technetium-99m
for
diagnostic
imaging,
iodine-131
for
thyroid
therapy,
cobalt-60
and
cesium-137
in
industrial
radiography
and
therapy,
and
carbon-14
used
in
dating.
geological
samples,
and
industrial
nondestructive
testing.
Safety
considerations
are
central
to
their
use,
with
careful
controls
on
handling,
shielding,
containment,
dosimetry,
and
waste
disposal
governed
by
national
and
international
regulations
to
protect
workers
and
the
public.