pàncrees

Pàncrees, in Catalan usage, refers to the pancreas, a gland of the vertebrate digestive system. In humans it lies behind the stomach in the upper abdomen and consists of an exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes and an endocrine portion that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

Exocrine function: the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases (including trypsin) into the duodenum through the main pancreatic duct, aiding the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This fluid also contains bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid as it enters the intestine.

Endocrine function: scattered clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans release hormones into the bloodstream, most notably insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose. Other hormones produced include somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, which modulate various digestive processes.

Anatomy and development: the pancreas has three anatomical parts—head, body, and tail. The head lies within the duodenal curve; the main pancreatic duct (and, in some individuals, an accessory duct) conveys secretions to the duodenum. The organ develops from foregut endoderm during embryogenesis and receives blood supply from branches of the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery.

Clinical relevance: pancreatic disorders include acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatic insufficiency (often in cystic fibrosis). Endocrine dysfunction is central to diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis relies on enzyme tests (amylase, lipase), glucose measurements, and imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Treatment varies from enzyme replacement and diabetes management to surgical interventions.