pyroxylin

Pyroxylin, also known as nitrocellulose or guncotton, is a highly flammable compound produced by the nitration of cellulose. The process involves treating cellulose, typically derived from cotton or wood pulp, with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The degree of nitration can be controlled, influencing the properties of the resulting pyroxylin. Lower nitration yields a more flexible material, while higher nitration produces a more explosive substance.

Historically, pyroxylin played a significant role as a propellant in firearms, replacing black powder due to its greater power and cleaner burning characteristics. It was also a key component in early photographic film, where it served as a base for the light-sensitive emulsion. The instability and flammability of early cellulose nitrate film led to numerous fires, prompting a search for safer alternatives.

In modern applications, pyroxylin finds use in lacquers, varnishes, and inks, providing durable and quick-drying finishes. It is also employed in the manufacture of certain plastics, such as celluloid, and in the production of explosives, albeit with stricter safety controls than in its early development. Its versatile properties continue to make it a valuable material in various industrial processes, although its inherent hazards necessitate careful handling and storage.