przepony

Przepony are the Polish plural form of przepona, a term used for diaphragms in both biological and technical contexts. In anatomy, przepony refer to muscular partitions that separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities and generate the pressure differences needed for breathing. The most prominent example is the human diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle innervated mainly by the phrenic nerves (C3–C5). When it contracts, it moves downward and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs; upon relaxation, air is expelled. Similar diaphragmatic muscles exist in many mammals and other vertebrates.

In engineering and technology, przepony are flexible membranes that separate two chambers or fluids while transmitting pressure or motion. They are used in devices such as pumps, valves, actuators, microphones, and pressure sensors. Materials vary from elastomeric polymers to metals and composites, chosen for elasticity, durability, and chemical compatibility.

Clinical relevance: diaphragmatic dysfunction can result from nerve injury, trauma, or disease, leading to breathing difficulties. Imaging methods such as ultrasound or radiography assess diaphragm movement and position. Diaphragmatic hernias, either congenital or acquired, may require surgical repair or supportive care.