protektionism

Protektionism refers to government policies that restrict international trade to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. It encompasses tariffs, import quotas, subsidies to domestic producers, and non-tariff barriers such as licensing requirements, standards, and local content rules. Exchange rate policies or export controls can also serve protectionist aims in some cases.

Historically, protectionism has been used in various forms since mercantilist times, with spikes during economic downturns or when industries seek shelter from global competition. It can be targeted toward particular sectors considered strategic, such as agriculture, steel, or technology.

Arguments in support include preserving jobs, fostering infant industries, national security, reducing trade deficits, and gaining leverage in negotiations.

Critics contend it reduces economic efficiency, raises consumer prices, invites retaliation, and can provoke trade wars. Empirical results vary; while temporary protections may help in some cases, prolonged or broad protection tends to reduce overall welfare and productivity unless domestic alternatives inside the protected sectors are dynamic.

In modern policy, protektionism coexists with rules-based multilateral trade frameworks that permit certain protections under conditions; many countries use targeted protections while engaging in broader free-trade arrangements.