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Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of life. They perform a vast array of functions within cells and organisms. Proteins are essential for virtually every process in the body, including structural support, enzymatic activity, transportation of molecules, immune defense, and cell signaling. The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its unique three-dimensional structure, which in turn dictates its function. This structure can be broadly categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels.

Amino acids link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. These chains then fold into intricate shapes. For instance, a protein might have a helical or sheet-like secondary structure, which then folds further to create a compact, globular or elongated tertiary structure. Some proteins consist of multiple polypeptide chains that assemble to form a functional quaternary structure.

Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes within cells through a process called translation, where the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used as a template. After synthesis, proteins may undergo modifications to become fully functional. The breakdown of proteins, or catabolism, occurs through proteolysis. Dietary protein provides the essential amino acids that organisms cannot synthesize themselves, making protein a crucial component of a balanced diet.