prograding

Prograding is a geological and geomorphological process in which a coastline, delta, or other coastal depositional system grows outward toward the sea as sediment is added along the shoreline. It occurs when the rate of sediment supply to the coast exceeds the rate at which new accommodation space is created by sea-level change, or when relative sea level falls. The net result is outward growth of the depositional surface and a seaward migration of the shoreline over time.

In deltas and shoreline systems, progradation is driven by abundant sediment delivery from rivers, glacial melt, or coastal erosion, combined with relatively stable or slowly rising sea level. This builds outwards features such as delta lobes, beach plains, and barrier complexes. Stratigraphically, progradation is often recorded by sequences that thin landward and thickening toward the sea, with foresets dipping toward the basin and onlapping or overlapped surfaces marking the advancing shoreline.

Progradation contrasts with aggradation, where sediment accumulates vertically without significant lateral shoreline movement, and retrogradation, where the shoreline recedes landward due to increased accommodation space or reduced sediment supply. Progradational histories are common in river-dominated deltas, wave- and tide-dominated coastlines with persistent sediment supply, and regions experiencing relative sea-level stability or fall.

Understanding progradation is important for interpreting coastal evolution, sedimentary architecture, and the development of coastal reservoirs and aquifers in hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration.