prehistor

Prehistory refers to the vast span of time before the invention of writing systems. It encompasses the entire existence of humanity and its ancestors, from the earliest hominins to the development of civilizations capable of recording their own history. This period is studied through archaeological evidence, paleontology, and other scientific disciplines, offering insights into human evolution, early societies, and the development of technologies and cultures.

The Stone Age, the longest period of prehistory, is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras. The Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age, saw the emergence of early humans, the development of basic stone tools, and the mastery of fire. The Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age, witnessed adaptations to changing environments following the last Ice Age, with the refinement of tools and the beginnings of more settled lifestyles. The Neolithic, or New Stone Age, is characterized by the revolutionary shift to agriculture, leading to permanent settlements, the domestication of animals, and the development of pottery and more sophisticated tools.

Following the Stone Age came the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) and the Bronze Age, marked by the increasing use of metals. These advancements facilitated the creation of more durable tools and weapons, contributing to the growth of trade and the emergence of complex societies. The Iron Age, the final stage of prehistory, saw the widespread adoption of iron, a more abundant and versatile metal, further transforming human capabilities and paving the way for the historical period. The precise end of prehistory varies by region, generally coinciding with the adoption of writing.