ponad

Ponad is a Polish word that translates to "above," "over," or "beyond" in English. It functions as a preposition and can also be used as an adverb. Its meaning is context-dependent, indicating a spatial relationship or a metaphorical surpassing of limits.

As a preposition, "ponad" commonly describes something positioned higher than another object. For example, "samolot leci ponad chmurami" translates to "the airplane flies above the clouds." It can also indicate being in excess of a quantity or number, as in "ponad sto osób" meaning "over one hundred people." Furthermore, "ponad" can denote a scope or range, such as "ponad wszelkimi podejrzeniami" which means "beyond all suspicion."

When used adverbially, "ponad" often emphasizes a state of being superior or having surpassed a certain point. For instance, "być ponad podziałami" translates to "to be above divisions." It can also suggest a movement or action that goes beyond a specific boundary or expectation. The precise nuance of "ponad" is best understood within the specific sentence it appears.