polümeratsioonides

Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. Monomers are small molecules that can be joined together repeatedly. Polymers are large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of repeating structural units. The type of monomers and the conditions of polymerization determine the properties of the resulting polymer.

There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, monomers add to one another in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the monomer. This process often involves a chain reaction mechanism initiated by free radicals, cations, or anions. Examples include the polymerization of ethylene to form polyethylene and the polymerization of styrene to form polystyrene.

In condensation polymerization, monomers react to form larger molecules, releasing a small molecule such as water or methanol as a byproduct. This process typically involves functional groups on the monomers reacting with each other. Examples include the formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols, and the formation of polyamides (nylons) from dicarboxylic acids and diamines.

Polymerization is a fundamental process in chemistry and materials science, enabling the creation of a vast array of materials with diverse properties, from plastics and rubbers to fibers and adhesives. The control over polymerization conditions is crucial for tailoring the molecular weight, architecture, and thus the physical and chemical characteristics of the final polymer.