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Polyphosphate chains, also known as polyphosphate polymers or inorganic polyphosphates, are linear chains of phosphate groups linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. These chains can vary significantly in length, from a few phosphate units to hundreds or even thousands. The general formula for a polyphosphate chain is [-(PO3)-]n, where n represents the number of repeating phosphate units.

These molecules play diverse roles in biological systems. In bacteria, they serve as an energy reserve and a source of phosphate for nucleic acid and ATP synthesis. They can also act as chelating agents, binding to metal ions like magnesium and calcium, which is important for enzyme activity and cellular processes. In some organisms, polyphosphates are involved in stress response and adaptation to adverse environmental conditions.

Outside of biology, polyphosphates are used in various industrial applications. Sodium polyphosphates, for example, are employed as water softeners, preventing the formation of scale in pipes and appliances by sequestering calcium and magnesium ions. They are also used in food processing as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and acidity regulators. In detergents, they act as builders, enhancing cleaning efficiency. The properties of polyphosphate chains, such as their charge density and ability to form complexes, make them versatile compounds with a wide range of functionalities.