polttoaineelementteihin

Polttoaineelementteihin, known in English as fuel cells, are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with an oxidizing agent. Unlike batteries, fuel cells do not run down or need to be recharged; they produce electricity as long as fuel is supplied. The most common fuel is hydrogen, and the most common oxidizing agent is oxygen, usually from the air. The only byproducts of the reaction in such a hydrogen fuel cell are water, heat, and electricity.

The basic principle of a fuel cell involves a fuel electrode (anode), an electrolyte, and an air electrode (cathode). The fuel, typically hydrogen, is supplied to the anode, where it is oxidized and releases electrons and protons. The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode but blocks the electrons. The electrons travel through an external circuit, generating an electric current. At the cathode, oxygen from the air, the protons that have passed through the electrolyte, and the electrons from the external circuit combine to form water.

Fuel cells offer several advantages, including high efficiency, low emissions (especially when using hydrogen), and quiet operation. They can be used in a wide range of applications, from powering vehicles and portable electronics to providing electricity for buildings and remote locations. Different types of fuel cells exist, categorized by their electrolyte and operating temperature, such as proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). Ongoing research and development aim to reduce costs and improve durability for widespread commercial adoption.