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Ploidality refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism. A normal organism typically has a diploid number of chromosomes, meaning it possesses two sets, one inherited from each parent. For example, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46, making them diploid.

Cells with a single set of chromosomes are called haploid. Gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, are haploid. This is crucial for sexual reproduction, as the fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid number in the resulting zygote.

Organisms with more than two complete sets of chromosomes are known as polyploid. Triploid organisms have three sets, tetraploid have four, and so on. Polyploidy is common in plants and some animals. In plants, polyploidy can lead to larger fruits, increased vigor, and resistance to disease. For instance, many cultivated crops like wheat, cotton, and strawberries are polyploid. In animals, polyploidy is less common and can sometimes lead to developmental abnormalities. Aberrations in normal ploidy, such as having an extra chromosome or missing one, are termed aneuploidy and can cause genetic disorders.