peroksodisulfaatin

Peroksodisulfaatin, or persulfate, is the dianion S2O8^2− and the basis of several soluble salts used industrially. In aqueous solution it forms salts such as sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8). These salts are highly soluble and are strong oxidizing agents.

The persulfate anion consists of two sulfate units linked by a peroxo-like O–O bond. In acid–base terms, persulfuric acid (H2S2O8) is the corresponding undissociated form; its conjugate base is the S2O8^2− ion. Persulfates are typically stored and handled as the corresponding salts.

Production and handling: Persulfates are produced commercially by electrochemical oxidation of sulfate solutions under controlled conditions, often using specialized anodes. The resulting salts are stable solids or crystalline powders that release oxygen upon decomposition. They are activated by heat, UV light, or reducing catalysts to generate sulfate radical species (SO4−•), enabling radical-initiated reactions.

Uses: They are widely used as polymerization initiators for vinyl and acrylic monomers, either directly or in redox systems with activators. They also serve as strong oxidants in chemical synthesis, hair bleaches and cosmetic formulations, and as cleaning or disinfection agents in various industries. In water treatment and soil remediation, persulfates can oxidize contaminants and support advanced oxidation processes.

Safety and environment: Persulfates are powerful oxidizers; they can ignite or decompose violently in contact with organics or reducing agents and may release oxygen when heated. They should be stored away from heat, metals, and reducing materials, in tightly closed containers. Environmental effects are generally related to oxidizing strength; they decompose to sulfate in water and have limited mobility in soils.