peroksisome

Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for carrying out a variety of metabolic functions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances. Peroxisomes contain a number of enzymes, including catalase, which is crucial for breaking down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism.

The membranes of peroxisomes are single lipids bilayers, similar to other organelles in the cell. Their contents are a concentrated mixture of enzymes and other proteins. Peroxisomes are thought to arise from the endoplasmic reticulum or through the self-replication of existing peroxisomes. Their size and number can vary depending on the cell type and its metabolic needs.

One of the key roles of peroxisomes is in lipid metabolism. They are involved in the beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, breaking them down into shorter chains that can be further metabolized in the mitochondria. Peroxisomes also play a role in the synthesis of certain lipids, such as plasmalogens, which are important components of cell membranes, particularly in the nervous system.

In addition to lipid metabolism, peroxisomes are critical for detoxification. They break down a variety of toxic compounds, including ethanol and certain drugs, into less harmful substances. This process often involves the use of oxygen and generates hydrogen peroxide, which is then rapidly neutralized by catalase within the peroxisome. Defects in peroxisomal function can lead to a range of serious genetic disorders.