perlocution

Perlocution refers to the effect that a speaker’s utterance has on a listener or audience. In classic speech act theory, an utterance is analyzed in three layers: the locutionary act (the actual words and their literal meaning), the illocutionary act (the speaker’s intended force, such as requesting, warning, or promising), and the perlocutionary act (the real-world effects produced in the hearer, such as belief change, action, or emotional response).

The perlocutionary effect is distinct from the speaker’s intention. It concerns what actually happens as a result of the utterance, which may align with or diverge from the intended illocutionary force. For example, the sentence “Close the window” performs the illocutionary act of issuing a directive; the perlocutionary outcome could be that the listener closes the window, becomes annoyed, or simply ignores the command. Another example: a speaker’s compliment may delight the listener, bolster confidence, or provoke skepticism, regardless of the speaker’s aim.

Perlocution is important in fields such as linguistics, philosophy of language, rhetoric, and communication studies because it focuses on consequences of talk rather than just linguistic structure. It highlights how context, interpretation, and power relations shape how utterances influence beliefs, decisions, and behavior. Limitations include the variability and unpredictability of perlocutionary effects; a single utterance can produce multiple, divergent outcomes across different listeners, or none at all. See also locutionary and illocutionary acts for a fuller framework of speech act analysis.