peritoneaalikalvo

The peritoneal membrane, commonly referred to as the peritoneum, is a thin, serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity (peritoneum parietale) and covering the abdominal organs (peritoneum viscerale). It plays a crucial role in protecting internal organs, facilitating smooth movement within the cavity, and acting as a barrier against infections.

The peritoneum consists of two layers: the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which directly covers the organs. Between these layers lies the peritoneal cavity, a potential space containing a small amount of serous fluid that reduces friction during organ movement. The peritoneum is rich in blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enabling it to perform its functions effectively.

The peritoneum is divided into several regions, including the greater sac (or greater peritoneal cavity), which occupies most of the abdominal space, and the lesser sac (or lesser peritoneal cavity, also known as the omental bursa), located behind the stomach. These regions are connected by openings such as the epiploic foramen (of Winslow), allowing fluid and pathogens to move between them.

The peritoneum is involved in various physiological processes, including nutrient absorption, immune responses, and fluid balance. It also plays a key role in certain medical procedures, such as peritoneal dialysis, where it functions as a semipermeable membrane to filter waste products from the blood.

Diseases affecting the peritoneum include peritonitis, an inflammation often caused by bacterial infections, and peritoneal carcinomatosis, a condition where cancer spreads to the peritoneal lining. These conditions can lead to severe complications, including organ dysfunction and systemic infection, and typically require medical intervention.