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Perfusion, in medical terms, is the process of delivering blood or other fluids to capillary beds within tissue. It ensures delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of metabolic wastes. Perfusion can describe systemic perfusion — the overall flow of blood supplied by the heart — and regional or organ perfusion, which concerns how well a particular tissue is supplied.

Physiological perfusion is governed by perfusion pressure and flow, typically expressed as milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue, and modulated by vascular resistance and autoregulatory mechanisms. It can be assessed with imaging and measurement techniques such as Doppler ultrasound, CT perfusion, MR perfusion, or PET, and by deriving parameters like blood flow, blood volume, and mean transit time.

Clinically, abnormal perfusion is central to conditions such as shock, ischemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, and organ failure. In surgery and research, controlled perfusion is used for organ preservation and bloodless, metabolically favorable conditions. Techniques include cardiopulmonary bypass, isolated limb perfusion for limb cancers, hepatic or renal perfusion, and perfusion fixation in histology.

Perfusion imaging and mapping support diagnosis and treatment planning, including cerebral perfusion after stroke and tumor perfusion in oncology. The concept also underpins experimental pharmacology and tissue engineering studies.