panchama

Panchama (pañcama) is a term in Indian music theory meaning “the fifth.” It denotes the fifth swara (note) of the octave, known as Pa, in both Hindustani and Carnatic systems. The name derives from Sanskrit pañcama, meaning five, reflecting its ordinal position in the scale.

In practice, Panchama is the note Pa, the fifth degree above the tonic Sa. If Sa is assigned the pitch C, Panchama corresponds to G, the Western perfect fifth above the tonic. The octave is traditionally divided into seven swaras: Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; Panchama is the fifth note in this sequence. The exact pitch of Pa can vary with different tunings and ragas, but its functional role as the upper anchor of the tone system remains consistent.

Panchama plays a central role in melodic construction across both Hindustani and Carnatic repertoires. It serves as a stable reference point in many ragas and is frequently employed in phrases, cadences, and ornamentation. While the emphasis and treatment of Pa vary by raga, its presence commonly contributes to a sense of completion and color within a melodic line.

Etymology and usage summary: Panchama literally means “the fifth,” referring to its position as Pa, the fifth swara above the tonic Sa. The concept is integral to Indian classical music theory and underpins how scales, melodies, and improvisation are organized in both major traditions.