osmanthus

Osmanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae, comprising about 30 to 40 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees. The group is native to Asia, with major diversity in China and the Himalayas; a few species extend into Southeast Asia, and a native North American species, Osmanthus americanus, is known as devilwood. Common names include osmanthus, sweet olive, and tea olive.

Plants in this genus are typically evergreen and retain their leaves year-round. Leaves are opposite, simple, and vary from evergreen to leathery with margins that can be entire or finely serrate, depending on the species. Flowers are small, usually white or pale yellow, and borne in panicles or large clusters. They are highly fragrant, with notes described as apricot, peach, or blowing spices, and many species bloom in autumn to winter.

Notable species include Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus, tea olive), prized for its strong fragrance and autumn to winter blooms; Osmanthus heterophyllus (holly olive), known for holly-like foliage; and Osmanthus x fortunei, a garden hybrid. In addition to ornamental use, osmanthus flowers are used in East Asian cuisine and traditional beverages; in China, osmanthus tea (guìhuā chá) blends flowers with green or oolong tea for fragrance and flavor. Essential oils extracted from flowers are used in perfumery.

Cultivation and care are similar across species: they prefer sun to partial shade, well-drained soil, and regular moisture; most tolerate urban conditions and can be used as hedges or specimen plants. Propagation is typically by semi-hardwood cuttings, layering, or seed. Some species are hardy to temperate climates, while others require warmer conditions.