opylovanie

Opylovanie, often translated as pollination, is the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower—the anthers—to the female part—the stigma—of the same or another flower, enabling fertilization and seed production in seed plants. It can occur within a single flower (autogamy), between flowers of the same plant (geitonogamy), or between flowers of different plants (xenogamy). Pollination is a prerequisite for fertilization, which follows pollen germination on the stigma and growth of a pollen tube toward an ovule.

Pollination occurs via abiotic or biotic means. Abiotic pollination relies on wind (anemophily) or water (hydrophily) to move pollen. Biotic pollination involves animals, mainly insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), and bats (chiropterophily). Flower traits such as scent, color, nectar, and pollen structure influence which agents are attracted and how effectively pollen is transferred.

Self-pollination can occur, but some species have mechanisms such as self-incompatibility to promote outcrossing. Pollen viability and compatibility, pollen tube growth, and successful fertilization determine seed set and fruit development.

Ecologically and economically, pollination supports biodiversity and crop yields. Many fruits, nuts, and vegetables depend on animal pollinators; in agriculture, managed pollinators like honey bees are often used to improve yield. Pollination deficits due to habitat loss, pesticide exposure, or climate changes pose risks to ecosystems and food production.

Conservation and agricultural practices that protect pollinators, diversify landscapes, and reduce pesticide use contribute to sustaining opylovanie processes and plant reproductive success.