opsonizowana

Opsonizowana refers to a process in immunology where a pathogen or foreign particle is coated with opsonins, molecules that enhance phagocytosis. Opsonins are typically antibodies or complement proteins. Antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of the pathogen, while complement proteins can be activated through various pathways and bind to the pathogen's surface.

When a pathogen is opsonized, its phagocytosis by immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils is significantly increased. These phagocytic cells have receptors on their surface that recognize and bind to the opsonins. This binding facilitates the engulfment and subsequent destruction of the opsonized particle. The term "opsonizowana" essentially describes the state of being prepared for enhanced phagocytosis due to this coating.

This process is crucial for the efficient clearance of bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from the body. It bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses. Antibodies, which are part of the adaptive immune system, can opsonize pathogens, making them more readily recognized and eliminated by phagocytes of the innate immune system. Similarly, complement proteins, a key component of innate immunity, can also act as opsonins. The effectiveness of vaccines and certain therapeutic antibodies relies on their ability to induce opsonization.