openformat

Openformat is a term used to describe file and data formats whose specifications are publicly available and free to implement, with the aim of enabling interoperability and reducing vendor lock-in. An open format typically allows anyone to study the specification, implement compatible software, and exchange data without paying licensing fees or obtaining special permissions.

Key characteristics include publicly accessible documentation, non-exclusive licensing terms, and reference implementations or conformance tests to verify interoperability. Open formats are usually governed through community or standards bodies to ensure versioning, backward compatibility, and ongoing maintenance. They emphasize portability across platforms, long-term accessibility, and the ability to preserve information over time.

Open formats are central to open data initiatives, government transparency programs, education, and digital preservation. They support cross-system data exchange and reduce dependence on single vendors, which can lower costs and increase resilience.

Common examples include OpenDocument Format (ODF) for documents, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) for vector graphics, and data interchange formats such as CSV, JSON, and XML. In specialized domains, formats like GeoJSON or Geography Markup Language (GML) also embody open-format principles when their specifications are publicly available and governed by open standards processes.

Limitations include that openness of a format’s specification does not automatically eliminate patent or licensing issues, and governance quality varies. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with open standards, though standards cover broader governance and conformance aspects beyond formats alone.