objectdefiniteness

Objectdefiniteness refers to the referential status of the direct object within a clause, specifically whether the object is definite (a particular, identifiable entity) or indefinite (non-specific or new to the discourse). It is a property of the noun phrase that realizes the direct object and interacts with the grammar and discourse practices of a language.

cross-linguistic realization

Different languages encode object definiteness in diverse ways. Some use definite determiners or articles on the object noun phrase, as in English or Spanish (the man, el hombre). Others rely on demonstratives or pronouns to signal definiteness when the noun itself carries no explicit article (for example, languages with demonstrative systems or zero-marking). In many languages, definiteness is not morphologically marked on the verb but is encoded by the determiner system, case marking, or word order. Some languages allow definite objects to be marked by clitics or enclitics attached to the verb or the noun. In others, definiteness is primarily a function of discourse and context rather than strict grammatical marking.

semantics and pragmatics

Definiteness correlates with specificity and familiarity: definite objects typically refer to known or uniquely identifiable entities, while indefinite objects introduce or refer to non-specific entities. The status of the object can affect information structure, discourse focus, and anaphoric reference. Definiteness can influence pronoun choice, article or determiner usage, and, in some languages, object agreement or cliticization.

related concepts and issues

Objectdefiniteness is linked to specificity, referentiality, and the broader study of definiteness systems (including the role of articles, demonstratives, and context). It intersects syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and is relevant to language typology, acquisition, and processing.