nukleofilok

Nukleofilok, meaning nucleophile in Hungarian, refers to a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond in a reaction. This donation typically occurs to an electrophile, which is an electron-deficient species. Nucleophiles are characterized by the presence of a lone pair of electrons or a pi bond that can be shared. Common examples include atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens when they possess lone pairs, as well as carbanions and molecules with double or triple bonds. The strength of a nucleophile is influenced by several factors, including its charge, electronegativity, solvation, and steric hindrance. A negatively charged species is generally a stronger nucleophile than its neutral counterpart, assuming other factors are equal. More electronegative atoms are typically weaker nucleophiles because they hold their electrons more tightly. Solvation can also play a significant role, with polar protic solvents sometimes hindering nucleophilicity by solvating the nucleophile. Steric bulk around the nucleophilic center can impede its ability to attack an electrophile. Nucleophiles are fundamental to many organic and inorganic reactions, particularly in substitution and addition reactions.