nukleare

Nukleare refers to phenomena, technologies, and policies related to atomic nuclei and their energy. In physics, the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons held together by the strong force. Nuclear processes release energy because of differences in binding energy per nucleon and because of reactions that alter the number or type of nucleons.

Nuclear energy is most commonly produced by fission, the splitting of heavy nuclei such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, which can create a self-sustaining chain reaction under controlled conditions. In a nuclear power plant, fuel assemblies are moderated and cooled, with control rods adjusting the reaction rate. The heat generated is used to produce steam that drives turbines to generate electricity. Fusion, the joining of light nuclei (for example hydrogen isotopes), promises higher energy yields and less long-lived waste, but has not yet been demonstrated as a reliable commercial source.

Applications include medicine (radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and targeted therapy), industry (non-destructive testing and materials analysis), and scientific research using neutron and gamma sources. Nuclear technology also has military dimensions, including weapons and propulsion systems, which shapes international security debates.

Safety and environmental concerns center on radioactive waste management, accidents, and long-term containment. Notable incidents have driven improvements in reactor design, emergency planning, and regulatory oversight. Regulation and safeguards seek to prevent diversion of civilian nuclear material to weapons use.

Globally, frameworks such as the International Atomic Energy Agency oversee safety, security, and non-proliferation. National agencies regulate licensing, fuel cycles, and waste disposal to balance energy needs with public health and environmental protection. The field continues to evolve with advances in reactor design, accident resilience, and potential future fusion power.