nucleares

Nucleares, or nuclear, is a broad term describing phenomena related to atomic nuclei and their interactions. In science, technology, and policy, it covers nuclear physics, energy production, medicine, industry, and safety.

Nuclear physics studies the components of the nucleus—protons and neutrons (nucleons)—and the forces that hold them together. It includes radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, binding energy, isotopes, and phenomena such as fission and fusion.

Nuclear energy uses fission to release energy by splitting heavy nuclei (usually uranium-235 or plutonium-239). Reactor designs, fuel cycles, enrichment, and moderation are part of the technology. Fusion promises to combine light nuclei but remains under development. Waste management, cooling, safety, and regulatory oversight shape the sector.

Nuclear weapons are devices that release large amounts of energy via fission or fusion. Non-proliferation treaties, verification, export controls, and deterrence theories seek to limit spread and use while challenging international security.

In medicine and industry, nuclear techniques are used for diagnosis and therapy (radiopharmaceuticals, PET/SPECT imaging, radiotherapy), sterilization, industrial radiography, and materials analysis.

Environmental and safety issues include radioactive waste disposal, potential accidents, site monitoring, radiation protection, and emergency planning.

The field is evolving with advanced reactors, small modular reactors, and ongoing fusion research; debates continue on energy policy, safety, waste, and international security.