notwithstanding

Notwithstanding is a versatile word in English that functions as a preposition, an adverb, and, in formal contexts, a subordinating conjunction. It means “in spite of” or “despite” and introduces a contrast between two propositions or situations. For example: Notwithstanding the rain, the match continued.

Originating in Middle English from the phrase not with standing (not standing against), the form later fused into the single word notwithstanding by the early modern period. The sense evolved to emphasize that a condition does not prevent another outcome.

As a preposition, it takes a noun phrase: Notwithstanding the objections, the plan proceeded. As a conjunction, it can attach to a clause: Notwithstanding that he was tired, he finished the work. However, many style guides consider the conjunction use stiff or archaic outside formal writing, and prefer although or despite the fact that. In legal documents, it is common to begin a clause with notwithstanding to indicate an overriding provision: Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the parties may ….

In contemporary usage, notwithstanding is generally regarded as formal or literary. It is most common in legal, government, or scholarly writing, and less so in everyday prose, where despite or in spite of is typically preferred. Its presence can signal emphasis or a precise formal register, depending on context.