nitrálási

Nitration is a chemical reaction in which a nitro group (NO2) is introduced into a molecule. This process is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry and is widely used in the synthesis of various compounds, including explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. The most common method for nitration involves the use of a nitrating mixture, typically a combination of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, protonating nitric acid and facilitating the formation of the electrophilic nitronium ion (NO2+), which then attacks the organic substrate. The reaction conditions, such as temperature and reactant concentrations, can be carefully controlled to achieve selective nitration and prevent unwanted side reactions like oxidation or polysubstitution. Aromatic compounds are particularly susceptible to electrophilic aromatic substitution, where the nitronium ion replaces a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring. Aliphatic compounds can also undergo nitration, though the mechanisms and conditions may differ. For instance, the nitration of alkanes often requires higher temperatures or UV light. The introduction of a nitro group can significantly alter the chemical and physical properties of a molecule, making nitration a powerful tool for chemical synthesis and modification. Safety precautions are essential when performing nitration reactions due to the corrosive nature of the reagents and the potential for exothermic reactions.