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Neuroimaging methods are techniques used to image the structure or function of the brain. These methods allow researchers and clinicians to visualize both the anatomy and the activity of the brain non-invasively. They have revolutionized our understanding of brain function, development, and disease.

One of the most common structural imaging techniques is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of brain tissue. It is excellent at distinguishing between different types of soft tissues, such as gray matter and white matter, and is crucial for detecting abnormalities like tumors or lesions. Another structural technique is Computed Tomography (CT), which uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain. While less detailed than MRI for soft tissues, CT is faster and more readily available, making it useful in emergency situations.

Functional neuroimaging methods, on the other hand, measure brain activity. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) involves injecting a small amount of radioactive tracer that binds to specific molecules in the brain. By detecting the radiation emitted, PET can reveal metabolic activity or blood flow in different brain regions, offering insights into neural processes. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is another widely used technique that detects changes in blood oxygen levels, which are correlated with neural activity. fMRI allows researchers to map brain areas that are active during specific tasks or cognitive processes. Electroencephalography (EEG) measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. EEG has excellent temporal resolution, meaning it can detect rapid changes in brain activity, making it valuable for studying brain states like sleep or for diagnosing conditions like epilepsy.